The 'Post-partum' period is the period after child delivery when the mother's body is trying to heal from and get back to functioning as it used to before conception. The postpartum period begins soon after the delivery of the baby and usually lasts six to eight weeks and ends when the mother's body has nearly returned to its pre-pregnant state. Post partum bleeding and effects are a common concern among new mothers. Many wonder what is considered normal bleeding post-childbirth. This article will answer your questions regarding post-childbirth bleeding and help you determine whether or not you should be concerned with your own bleeding. Photo credit: mamahippie.com Postpartum bleeding symptoms are those of heavy menstrual period which are considered alarming signs by many women. Women who give birth at this stage, experience heavy blood flow. This bleeding requires careful management to avoid future problems. Do u know that u need rest in the postpartum, but so many...
MONKEYPOX DISEASE: SOURCE, EPIDEMIOLOGY, PREVENTION
1.ORIGIN OF MONKEY POX:
IS IT A VIRUS, BACTERIA, FUNGI?
WHERE WAS IT FIRST DETECTED?
2.THE PATHOGEN: MONKEYPOX VIRUS.
WHAT IS THE VIRUS'S NATURAL HOST?
IS MONKEYPOX DISEASE TRANSMISSIBLE?
IF YES, HOW IS IT SPREAD?
3.OUTBREAKS IN RECENT TIMES.
EPIDEMIOLOGY, SOURCES OF INFECTION AND TRANSMISSION PATTERNS
4.TRANSMISSION, SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS.
5.WAY FORWARD?
THERAPEUTICS AND VACCINATION.
STRATEGIES TO ENSURE PREVENTION.
Study proper:
WHAT IS MONKEYPOX, IT A VIRUS, BACTERIA, FUNGI?
Monkeypox virus is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family.Monkeypox virus (MPXV) causes monkeypox.
Monkeypox is a viral zoonosis (a virus transmitted to humans from animals) with symptoms similar to those seen in the past in smallpox patients, although it is clinically less severe.
WHERE WAS MONKEYPOX FIRST DETECTED?
Monkeypox was first discovered in 1958,at a facility in Copenhagen, Denmark when two outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in colonies of monkeys kept for research, hence the name 'monkeypox.' However the first human case of monkeypox was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox.
WHAT ARE THE VIRUS'S NATURAL HOSTS?
Natural hosts of the monkeypox virus includes rope squirrels, tree squirrels, Gambian pouched rats, dormice, prairie dogs, rabbits,non-human primates and other species.
IS MONKEYPOX DISEASE TRANSMISSIBLE?
IF YES, HOW IS IT SPREAD?
Yes,the monkeypox virus is readily transmissible from infected animals to humans and from infected humans to other humans.
Monkeypox virus may spread from animals to people through the bite or scratch of an infected animal, by handling wild game, or through the use of products made from infected animals.This is by direct contact with body fluids or sores on the body of someone who has monkeypox, or with direct contact with materials that have touched body fluids or sores, such as clothing or linens. It may also spread through respiratory secretions(mucus, phlegm) when people have close, face-to-face contact.
EPIDEMIOLOGY, SOURCES OF INFECTION AND TRANSMISSION PATTERNS
After the initial outbreak in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Six cases of human monkeypox virus,MPXV were described in Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone between October 1970 and May 1971. The first index MPXV case in Nigeria was recorded in 1971, and 10 MPXV cases were reported between 1971 and 1978. Since then, several thousand human cases of monkeypox have been confirmed in 15 different countries, with 11 of them in African countries.
In recent times, over 1,300 cases of suspected monkeypox cases and 58 deaths have now been reported worldwide as part of a new outbreak of the viral disease.
The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control,NCDC stated that between January 1 and June 5, the country had confirmed a total of 31 cases in 12 states, including the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The NCDC also confirmed that no fewer than 110 suspected cases of the disease had been reported in the country.
Only one out of those infected have died so far, according to the Director General of NCDC, Dr. Ifedayo Adetifa,the death was reported in a 40-year-old patient, who had underlying co-morbidity and was on immunosuppressive medications
Sources of infection in the country have been traced majorly to airborne and blood borne fluids, sexual contact, fecal and oral matter and other body fluids and secretions.
TRANSMISSION, SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS.
In humans, the symptoms of monkeypox are similar to,but milder than the symptoms of smallpox. Monkeypox begins with fever, headache, muscle aches, and exhaustion. Then as the disease progresses, symptoms become more severe, often presenting as,but not limited to; headaches, swollen lymph nodes (in the neck, armpits, or groin), back and muscle aches, and fatigue and shivering (chills).
Monkeypox can be tentatively diagnosed if the characteristic skin lesions are present, or if other symptoms consistent with the disease are seen during an outbreak. The diagnosis can be confirmed by histopathology and virus isolation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests can also detect monkeypox DNA in tissues. Also,the Virus can be detected in pustule swabs by transmission electron microscopy and PCR and confirmed by immunofluorescence assay, tissue culture, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA.
THERAPEUTICS AND VACCINATION:STRATEGIES TO ENSURE PREVENTION.
At this time, there are no specific treatments available for monkeypox infection but,small pox vaccines have been found to be protective against monkeypox.
The reason being that the clinical presentation of monkeypox resembles that of smallpox, which is a related orthopoxvirus infection.
According to the world health organization (WHO),Vaccination against smallpox was demonstrated through several observational studies to be about 85% effective in preventing monkeypox.
The smallpox vaccine is thus,the only line of treatment currently in effect, as further studies and developments prosper.
Since prevention is obviously better than cure, we'd now look at ways we can protect ourselves and immediate society from the spread of this deadly Virus, they are as follows;
1.Get the smallpox vaccination of you are in endemic areas.
2.Since long range (e.g airborne) transmission of monkeypox has not been reported, people should keep a safe distance from one another in open spaces and avoid crowded areas like markets, worship centers or bars.
3.wear a nose mask when outside and clothes with sleeves to prevent Aerosols and fluids from sneezes and coughs from being inhaled or imbibed on the skin surface.
Other preventive measures as endorsed by the WHO, include;
Avoiding contact with infected animals (especially sick or dead animals).
Avoiding contact with bedding and other materials contaminated with the virus.
Washing your hands with soap and water after coming into contact with an infected animal.
Thoroughly cooking all foods that contain animal meat or parts.
Avoiding contact with people who may be infected with the virus.
Using personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for people infected with the virus.
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SOURCES AND REFERENCES;
https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/transmission.html
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