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HOW TO DETERMINE PCV (PACKED CELL VOLUME)

The Packed Cell Volume (PCV) Test 1. Objective: This is one of the oldest tests done in medical practice. The objective of this test was to determine the percentage of red blood cells (RBCs) in whole blood. It  also helped to assess the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen. ________________________________________ 2. Principle: The test was based on the principle that when blood was centrifuged, the red blood cells settled at the bottom of the tube, forming a packed column. The ratio of the packed RBC column to the total blood column gave the packed cell volume (PCV), expressed as a percentage. ________________________________________ 3. Materials: • Microhematocrit capillary tubes • Microhematocrit centrifuge • Plasticine or sealing clay • Microhematocrit reader • Lancet • Alcohol swab • Cotton ________________________________________ 4. Procedure (Microhematocrit Method): 1. The fingertip was cleaned with an alcohol swab and pricked with a sterile lancet. 2. Blood was collected into ...
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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU RECEIVE BLOOD FROM AN INCOMPATIBLE DONOR?

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU RECEIVE BLOOD FROM AN INCOMPATIBLE DONOR?


If you receive blood that is not compatible with your blood, your body produces antibodies to destroy the donor's blood cells. This process causes the "transfusion reaction" [AKA ABO incompatibility reaction]. Blood that you receive in a transfusion must be compatible with your own blood.


WHAT IS AN ABO INCOMPATIBILITY REACTION?


An ABO incompatibility reaction can occur if you receive the wrong type of blood during a blood transfusion. It is a rare but serious and potentially fatal response to incompatible blood by your immune system.


The four main blood types are A,B, AB,and O. If you are type A, your red blood cells have proteins attached to them known as A antigens.Type B blood cells carry B antigens.Type AB blood has both A and B antigens,and type O blood has neither A nor B antigens.



Your immune system will produce antibodies against any blood antigens you don't have in your own blood. That means people with type A blood create antibodies against B antigens. A person with type A blood receiving a transfusion of type B or AB blood would have an ABO incompatibility reaction. In an ABO incompatibility reaction, your immune system attacks the new blood cells and destroys them.


If you have type AB blood, you have both A and B antigens. This means you're a universal recipient and you can receive any type of blood. However, you can only donate blood to other people who have type AB blood.


If you have type O blood, which has no antigens, you're a universal donor. You can give your blood to anyone without triggering their immune system, but you can only receive type O blood.


Before a blood transfusion, your doctor will test your blood to determine your blood type. A small sample will be crossmatched with some of your donated blood. The two samples of blood are then mixed and watched for a reaction. This allows your doctor to be certain an incompatibility reaction won't take place.



WHAT CAUSES AN ABO INCOMPATIBILITY REACTION?


Human error is the most likely cause of an ABO incompatibility reaction. If your transfusion uses the wrong blood type, it could be the result of mislabeled blood, incorrectly completed forms, or a failure to check donated blood before the transfusion.


WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF AN ABO INCOMPATIBILITY REACTION?


If you have an ABO incompatibility reaction, you'll have symptoms within a few minutes of receiving a transfusion. These may include:


⚠️Fever and chills  


⚠️Breathing difficulties  


⚠️Muscle aches  


⚠️Nausea


⚠️Chest, abdominal, or back pain  


⚠️Blood in your urine


⚠️Jaundice, etc.


HOW IS AN ABO INCOMPATIBILITY REACTION DIAGNOSED?


Medical staff will stop the blood transfusion if they suspect you might be having an incompatibility reaction. They will tell the blood bank about it, because there is a risk that the wrong blood could also have been given to other patients.


Your doctor will test samples of your blood for evidence of destruction of your red blood cells. They will also test your urine to see if it contains hemoglobin, a component released from broken-down blood cells. They will double-check your blood type and carry out the crossmatch procedure again.


The goal of treatment is to prevent you from having kidney failure, extensive blood clotting, and blood pressure that is abnormally low. You may receive oxygen and intravenous fluids. You may also receive a drug to increase your urine output. If you are at risk of having widespread clotting, you may receive a transfusion of plasma or platelets.


HOW CAN I PREVENT AN ABO INCOMPATIBILITY REACTION?


There is not much that patients can do to prevent ABO incompatibility reactions. However, most hospitals and blood banks have systems in place to reduce the chance that such a reaction will occur. These include:


1.Checking the identities of donors to ensure that their details match the information on their blood samples


2.Correctly labeling stored samples


3.Double-checking the blood type of both patients and blood packs before each transfusion.


WHAT IS THE LONG-TERM OUTLOOK FOR AN ABO INCOMPATIBILITY REACTION?


During an ABO incompatibility reaction, the red blood cells inside your circulatory system break down. Blood clotting may occur throughout your body, shutting off the blood supply to vital organs or causing a stroke. Too much blood clotting can use up clotting factors and leave you at risk of excessive bleeding.



Some of the products released from broken-down blood cells can cause kidney damage and possibly kidney failure. An ABO incompatibility reaction can be life-threatening unless your doctor successfully treats it right away. However, if you have a reaction and receive the correct treatment without delay, you should recover completely.


A number of blood types exist, including:


A positive  


A negative  


O positive  


O negative  


B positive  


B negative  


AB positive  


AB negative


KNOWING YOUR BLOOD TYPE is important because red blood cells contain antigens, or protein markers, corresponding to these blood types. If a laboratory gives you the wrong type of blood, your immune system will detect any foreign proteins on the red blood cells of the wrong blood type and attempt to destroy them.


©️ PUBLIC HEALTH ORBITAL

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